Book Contents
Introduction
Prevalence and Economic Importance of Ileitis in Europe
- 2.1 How many Farms are affected and what is the prevalence in Europe?
- 2.1.1 What is the prevalence of L. intracellularis infection in European farms?
- 2.1.2 Are there farms completely negative for L. intracellularis?
- 2.1.3 What are the differences in the prevalence between European Countries?
- 2.1.4 Which factors influence the time of infection and the Ileitis ELISA-profile in European farms?
- 2.1.5 What is the influence of the production system on the Ileitis ELISA profile?
- 2.1.6 Does the farm size influence the Ileitis ELISA profile?
- 2.1.7 Are there differences in the ELISA profiles in farms with good compared to poor feed conversion in fattening?
- 2.2 Has Ileitis always been so common?
- 2.3 What is the likely impact of Ileitis on farm economics?
- 2.4 What are the costs of poor performance?
- 2.4.1 Mortality
- 2.4.2 Daily weight gain, feed conversion rate and number of days to market
- 2.5 What is the economic value of low body weight variation?
- 2.6 How is “throughput (pig flow)” affected by Ileitis?
Pathogenesis and Immunology
- 3.1 How does Lawsonia intracellularis infect the intestinal cells?
- 3.2 How does Lawsonia intracellularis induce the immune response?
- 3.3 How fast is the onset of infection and how long does it last?
- 3.4 How could a vaccine work?
- 3.5 Does Lawsonia intracellularis influence the gut flora (or vice versa)?
- 3.6 Are all Lawsonia intracellularis isolates the same?
4. Clinical Signs and Pathology of Ileitis
- 4.1 What forms of Ileitis are known?
- 4.2 How to recognize the different pathological forms of a Lawsonia intracellularis infection?
- 4.2.1 Chronic Ileitis
- 4.2.2 Acute Ileitis
- 4.3 Clinical signs of chronic and acute Ileitis
- 4.3.1 What is diarrhoea compared to normal faeces?
- 4.3.2 What does the diarrhoea in Ileitis look like?
- 4.3.3 Clinical signs of chronic Ileitis
- 4.3.4 Where does the chronic form of infection come from?
- 4.3.5 Clinical signs of acute Ileitis
- 4.3.6 Where does the acute form of infection come from?
- 4.3.7 How do we notice the reduced weight gain caused by Ileitis?
- 4.4 Differential diagnosis: What are common diseases that look like Ileitis and how to recognize them?
- 4.4.2 Intestinal Torsion
- 4.4.3 Swine Dysentery
- 4.4.4 Porcine salmonellosis
- 4.4.5 Classical Swine Fever (CSF), Hog Cholera
- 4.4.6 Porcine Corona virus infections in older pigs
- 4.4.7 Escherichia coli infections
- 4.4.8 PCV2
5. Diagnosis of Ileitis
- 5.1 Laboratory diagnosis of Ileitis
- 5.1.1 Blood serology for Lawsonia intracellularis
- 5.1.2 Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis
- 5.1.3 Immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) for the detection of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis
- 5.1.4 Blocking ELISA (bELISA) for the detection of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis
- 5.1.5 Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis antigen or DNA
- 5.1.6 PCR analysis of pig faeces for Lawsonia intracellularis
- 5.2 Examining the Intestines in an Autopsy – What to look for?
- 5.2.1 Histopathological and Immunohistopathological (IHC) examination
- 5.3 How to interpret serological results?
6. Treatment of Ileitis in Pigs
- 6.1 What types of treatment are available for Ileitis?
- 6.2 Which antibiotics are most effective against Ileitis?
- 6.3 What is the reason for failure of antibiotic treatment to control Ileitis?
- 6.4 How do antibiotics fit into the prevention and control of Ileitis and what can I expect from their use?
- 6.5 Are heavy metals (copper or zinc), probiotics, acids or enzymes effective against Lawsonia intracellularis?
7. Disease Prevention and Control
- 7.1 What are the product characteristics of Enterisol® Ileitis?
- 7.1.1 Why is Enterisol® Ileitis given orally?
- 7.1.2 Why is Enterisol® Ileitis a live vaccine?
- 7.2 What is the right time to vaccinate?
- 7.3 How long does protection last and is the vaccine effective worldwide?
- 7.4 Is it safe and can I use it in breeding animals?
- 7.5 Can I use antibiotics in combination with an Ileitis vaccine?
- 7.6 How do I use the vaccine?
- 7.6.1 Three Days before vaccination
- 7.6.2 One Day before vaccination
- 7.6.3 The day of vaccination
- 7.6.4 Three Days after vaccination
- 7.6.5 Checklist for a correct Enterisol® Ileitis vaccination
- 7.7 What about eradication programs?
- 7.8 What specific benefits are there in the Enterisol® Ileitis oral vaccine approach?
8. Efficacy and economic benefits of Enterisol® Ileitis
- 8.1 What are the efficacy and economic benefits of vaccination with Enterisol® Ileitis in European farms?
- 8.1.1 What are the results of Enterisol® Ileitis?
- 8.1.2 What is the Return Of Investment of a vaccination with Enterisol® Ileitis?
- 8.1.3 What is the effect of vaccination with Enterisol® Ileitis on body weight variation?
- 8.1.4 What are the general conclusions from the European efficacy trials?
- 8.1.5 What are the take home messages from the European efficacy trials?
- 8.2 What are the experiences with Enterisol® Ileitis in the USA, Canada and Mexico?
- 8.2.1 What are the general conclusions from the trials in the USA, Canada and Mexico and what are the take home messages?
- 8.3 What are the experiences with Enterisol® Ileitis in Asia and Australia?
- 8.3.1 What are the general conclusions from the trials in Asia and Australia and what are the take home messages?
4.4.2 Intestinal Torsion
Colonic displacement is a common event in fattening pigs. Generally the large intestine is rotated, which may confuse the diagnostician. Pigs are presented with an extremely distended abdomen, which is bloated. The cause of intestinal displacements is incompletely understood, but sudden movements of a freshly fed pig may trigger the intestinal rotation.
Picture 4.4.2 a
(by M. Dünser)
Torsion of the intestine showing characteristic bloated and blood-filled small intestine and a caecum facing to cranial.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE: ILEITIS TECHNICAL MANUAL 3.0
© Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH, 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this Technical Manual 3.0 may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or photocopy, without permission in writing from Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH.
© Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH, 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this Technical Manual 3.0 may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or photocopy, without permission in writing from Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health GmbH.