This was highlighted at the international workshop “Freedom in Farrowing and Lactation 2021” (FFL21) where 50 scientists and industry personnel representing over 20 countries across Europe, Asia, Australasia and North America all agreed that in the future lactating sows housed indoors will be loose.

The three main take home messages from Freedom in Farrowing and Lactation 2021 were:

1. Freedom in farrowing and lactation is becoming ‘how’ and not ‘when’
2. ‘How’ gives insight to the complexity
3. Sharing knowledge and experience is win-win

Key issues raised at the workshop included:

1. SEGES director Christian Fink Hansen highlighted how “We’ve come from ‘if lactating sows are to be loose housed’ to ‘maybe and when’ and now it is more about ‘how’. It is given that Danish sows will be loose – and indoor – in the suckling period – and that the solutions must be based on research to ensure robust systems”.
   Across countries and scientists there is a growing understanding of how complex a transition towards loose lactating sows is. This has to be considered by policy makers in the future legislative process of the “End the Cage Age” initiative to ensure science-based decisions.
2. Professor at Vetmeduni, Vienna, Johannes Baumgartner outlined the complex overall challenge of changing systems to meet all the needs for sustainability (environmental, societal and financial). Challenges at specific feature level include both housing design and management: how to enable nestbuilding, do we use short term confinement or not, what space should be available for sows, how do we optimize work conditions and how do we manage large litter sizes.
   “A highly coordinated collaboration amongst scientists is needed to solve these issues. This has to involve environmental, technical, social and animal science, as well as an essential close collaboration between scientists, pig producers and farm equipment companies” as summed up by Prof. Sandra Edwards at the end of the workshop.
3. As highlighted by chairman of the Swedish Pig Association, Mattias Espert: “Successful progress will need knowledge-sharing at all levels. I and my Swedish colleagues, who already have loose farrowing, can share our lessons learned during transition.”
   He mentioned that the Swedish market opportunities were mis-judged in the past, and the pig production in Sweden decreased from 14,000 producers in 1990 to 1,000 producers in 2021.

Workshop participants concluded, that knowledge exchange must include both scientific results and practical experiences on having loose sows, motivation for staff to change to higher welfare systems, piglet mortality in different pen systems, how to provide nestbuilding-materials, emissions from pens and much more. Awareness of the pros and cons of existing systems will help others decide on a new system.

_{The program for the workshop}

At day 1 of the workshop, Sweden, Denmark and Germany represented three national situations, with Sweden having loose housing of lactating sows as a legislative requirement for many years, Denmark having loose housing as a voluntary strategy decided upon by the pig industry and Germany having recently decided for loose housing to be a legislative requirement. Three different perspectives from each country illustrated the many points to consider when changing to free farrowing or lactation. There also was a short overview of the situation in countries around the world.

Day 2 highlighted the wide range of current research activity that generated really good discussion. Common conclusions were:

• Translating the practical evidence into training material is important and developing ‘check lists’ for success is an aim. However, there is no silver bullet or no one size fits all approach. For some elements there are likely to be local considerations, especially when countries experience very different climate.
• Everyone agreed that management is equally or even more important than the system chosen, emphasizing the importance of a positive attitude and training/experience of staff.

Whilst many technical gaps still require further research, there are also important points to be addressed by society:

• Acceptance of different forms of temporary confinement may be necessary in the near future
• Free lactation needs more space than farrowing crates and free farrowing needs more space than free lactation, so new building permissions will be needed for larger facilities.
• Subsidy systems should be considered for compensating extra costs

The kick-off for how to facilitate the transition to loose housing of farrowing and lactating sows has begun. A successful transition needs a good co-development of the market (retailers, food processors), consumers and other parts of society. Only then can a sustainable and purposeful food value chain be reached in the future.