Abortion

• Badly maintained concrete. Pools of urine
• Decreasing daylight length
• High air flow
• Lack of boar contact
• Lameness
• Low feed levels
• Low intensity of light
• Low variable temperatures
• Poor hygiene
• Stressful environment

Abscess

• Arthritis
• Bad slats
• Bursitis / trauma
• Bush foot / trauma
• Environmental trauma
• Faulty vaccination
• Poor concrete
• Stalls too small

Arthritis

• Leg weakness (OCD)
• Slippery floors
• Stalls to small
• Trauma
• Worn slats

Bursitis

• Poor concrete surfaces
• Trauma

Cystitis pyelonephritis

• Frozen pipes.
• Infrequent urination.
• Lameness.
• Once a day feeding.
• Poor access to water.
• Water shortage.

Hygroma

• Poor concrete surfaces
• Pressure sores
• Trauma

Inability to express natural behaviour

• Total individual confinement

Leg weakness (OCD) Lameness

• See arthritis
• Bush foot
• New concrete or slats
• Poor muscle tone
• Poor selection of gilts
• Poor slippery floor surfaces
• Thin weak bones from lack of exercise
• Worn slats
• Young animals

Mastitis

• Bad drainage
• Poor hygiene
• Solid gates in stalls
• Trauma
• Udder contamination

Neck and girth sores

• Old worn-out or dirty tethers
• Poor management
• Tethers too tight, poor design

Overgrown distorted claws

• Lack of exercise
• Leg weakness factors
• Slats wrong way, gaps too wide
• Smooth surfaces

Prolapse rectum or vagina

• Badly designed tail gates
• Short standing area and a deep step
• Slippery floors
• Sloping floors

Shoulder sores

• Poor concrete surfaces
• Slippery floor surfaces
• Thin animals

Slow farrowing

• Lack of muscle tone
• Old sows

Stereotypic behaviour

• Boredom

Thin sow syndrome

• Bullying
• Disease (Cont.)
• Draughts
• Low feed intake
• Mange
• Parasite burdens
• Poor environments (cold)
• Poor nutrition

Vulval discharge

• Build up of faeces behind the sow at the bottom of
• the tail gate
• Dirty weaning pens
• Dirty wet boar pens